Estimation of optimum fertilizer rates is needed becaUSE of growing economic and environmental concerns. Optimum fertilizer rates can be determined by fitting statistical models to yield data collected from N fertilizer experiments. The main goal of this research was to compare and evaluate quadratic, square root, Mitscherlich, rectangular hyperbola, linear plus plateau and quadratic plus plateau models for describing the response of sugar beet to N fertilizer. Data USEd were obtained from a furrow irrigation system experiment with five N fertilizer rates: zero (control), 60, 120, 180, and 240 N kgha-1 with three replications in Ekbatan Research Station, Hamedan, Iran, during 2003 and 2004. Economic optimum N fertilizer rates were obtained based on fertilizer and sugar beet price during 2003 and 2004. Economic, optimum N fertilizer rates varied depending on the fertilizer to crop price ratio and models USEd. Results of this research showed the quadratic model described the yield responses and economic, optimum N fertilizer rate in sugar beet cultivation better than the other models. Economic, optimum N fertilizer rates due to this model were 235.8 and 248.9 kgha-1 in 2001 and 2002, respectively. Economic optimum N fertilizer rates based on N fertilizer subsidy and non-subsidy prices were 234.7 and 225.1 kgha-1 for 2003 model, and 247.9 and 240.8 kgha-1 for 2004 model, respectively.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the pattern of vancomycin administration in the hematology-oncology ward of Nemazee Hospital, Shiraz, Iran. Study criteria were developed to assess the several parameters involved in vancomycin therapy. These parameters include the APPROPRIATEness of DRUG usage, dosage, duration of therapy, monitoring for toxicity and serum concentration monitoring. The serum concentration was measured by an automated Fluorescence Polarization Immunoassay. Clinical and preclinical parameters such as Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR), microbial culture, antibacterial sensitivity, WBC count and fever were collected and recorded for analysis.Sixty patients were enrolled in the study, consisting of 45 males and 15 females. The age range was 15 to 68 years. In this study, 68.63% of the vancomycin USEd for the patients with febrile neutropenia was compatible with the Infectious Disease Society of America (IDSA) guideline. The initial dosage of vancomycin in 68.63%, rate of infusion in 100%, and dilution of vancomycin in100%, were APPROPRIATE. InAPPROPRIATE USE was more evident in the continuation of vancomycin in 50% of the patients. No APPROPRIATE dosage adjustment was done for 50% of the patients with increased serum creatinine.Based on the results, the indication of vancomycin in febrile neutropenia was satisfactory. However, there were some required factors such as continuation of vancomycin, adjustment of dosage or interval, microbial culture, antibiotic sensitivity test before the first dose administration, measurement of serum concentration and monitoring which had to be revised in order to achieve an effective treatment.

DRUG utilization evaluation (DUE) is an effective program to identify variability in DRUG USE and to support interventions that will improve patient outcomes. The APPROPRIATE USE of enoxaparin, a low molecular weight heparin (LMWH), which is widely USEd as curative or preventive treatment of thromboembolic disorders was assessed in the study.A prospective DUE was carried out at Masih Daneshvari teaching hospital. Criteria for the APPROPRIATE USE of enoxaparin were USEd to evaluate prescription and administration patterns in this hospital.Enoxaparin utilization of 147 inpatients was reviewed. A total of 944 variables (70.92%) in the regimen, among all subjects, were rated as APPROPRIATE and 382 (28.70%) were rated as inAPPROPRIATE for the conditions diagnosed.The results of this study showed that inAPPROPRIATE dosing, administration and prescribing of enoxaparin is rather common in masih hospital. Educational programs and implementation of protocols may be needed in the teaching hospitals to control prescribing patterns.

Background and Objective: Fixed DRUG eruption (FDE) is one kind of DRUG rashes that is characterized by re-appearance of the lesions on the same sites after re-exposure to the causative DRUG. This study was performed to evaluate the epidemiologic characteristics of FDE. Materials and Methods: This descriptive study was done on a series of 100FDE cases, whom were admitted at the outpatient dermatology clinic of Hazrat-e-Rasoul Hospital over a six-year period. The primary diagnosis of FDE was suggested according to clinical findings including a remaining hyperpigmentation at the site of healed skin lesion(s). Oral challenge test with a single low dose administration of the suspected DRUG was USEd to confinn the diagnosis. Recurrence of the lesion(s) at the same body area(s) was considered as positive result. Results: Most commonly causative agents were co-trimoxazole and codein, which were found in 88% and 3% FDE cases; respectively. The most common site of involvement was penile glans in 57.7% of male patients and trunk in 48.3% of females. In one patient, reaction to multiple DRUGs including co-trimoxazole, codein and tetracycline was observed and after re-challenge with each DRUG, re-appearance of the skin lesion at the same site was evident. Several patients reported concomitant acetaminophen intake, but there was no reaction to that DRUG. Conclusion: Co-trimoxazole is the most common caUSE of FDE.      

The addition of the infinitive to the subject or object is one of the syntactic structures in which accuracy plays an important role in the correct understanding the meaning of the verses of the Holy Quran. Sometimes there is disagreement among the scholars who interpret the Holy Book of Quran in determining whether the infinitive is added to the subject or to the object. Translators have sometimes provided an inadequate translation. This article has tried to discover ways to resolve the difference in determining the qualificative role of genitive case and also to provide an expressive translation of this structure by using a descriptive-analytical-critical method and by examining a number of infinitives added to the subject or object in the Holy Quran. The solutions to resolve the dispute are as follows: Paying attention to how the sentences relate to each other, paying attention to the citation of the subject in the verse, paying attention to the reason for using rhetorical devices in the verse, paying attention to the interpretive context (the context of the discussed verse, the guiding purpose of the Surah), paying attention to the verses and narrations of the same subject of the verse and paying attention to the requirements of servant politeness. The USE of these solutions in order to provide a correct and expressive translation of the infinitive structure added to the subject or the object is necessary: The USE of verb in the translation of the infinitive, the USE of an APPROPRIATE word for translation of the pronoun, the USE of an APPROPRIATE word in addition to the accompanying added infinitive, the USE of the explanations in parentheses, the avoidance of compression writing and the avoidance of literal translation.

Albumin is an expensive DRUG which imposes relatively high cost on the health care system. Doing ABC analysis in Shahid Motahari Hospital, it was revealed that albumin is categorized in class A. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the pattern of albumin USE and the physiciansʹ adherence to evidenced-based albumin guidelines in this large general non-teaching hospital in Shiraz, Iran.This study is an observational retrospective research on DRUG utilization. All patients admitted to Shahid Motahari hospital that had received albumin during the study period of one year (December 2013 to December 2014), were included in the study. To evaluate theAPPROPRIATE USE of albumin, an internal guideline was prepared using several evidence-based guidelines. Prescriptions were considered correct and APPROPRIATE if they were compliant with the standard guideline.The result of this study indicated that about 87.3% of patients had received albumin improperly. Nephrotic syndrome without hypoalbuminemia (23.6%) was the most prevalent reason for albumin misUSE and internal ward was the most consuming unit.The findings of this study, similar to those of previous investigations in Iran, revealed the high percentage of inAPPROPRIATE albumin usage in Iranian teaching and non-teaching hospitals.Regarding the high cost and short supply of this DRUG, educating physicians through educational programs to best implement the standard guidelines is highly recommended.